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NEW QUESTION # 24
Which two statements about conserve mode are true? (Choose two.)
- A. FortiGate starts taking the configured action for new sessions requiring content inspection when the system memory reaches the configured red threshold.
- B. FortiGate exits conserve mode when the system memory goes below the configured green threshold
- C. FortiGate starts dropping all new sessions when the system memory reaches the configured red threshold.
- D. FortiGate enters conserve mode when the system memory reaches the configured extreme threshold.
Answer: B,C
Explanation:
* Conserve Mode Activation:
* FortiGate enters conserve mode to prevent system crashes when the memory usage reaches critical levels. The "red threshold" is the point at which FortiGate starts dropping new sessions to conserve memory.
* When the system memory usage exceeds this threshold, the FortiGate will block new sessions that require significant memory resources, such as those needing content inspection.
* Exiting Conserve Mode:
* The "green threshold" is the memory usage level below which FortiGate exits conserve mode and resumes normal operation.
* Once the system memory usage drops below this threshold, FortiGate will start allowing new sessions again.
References:
* Fortinet Community: Understanding conserve mode and its thresholds(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!).
* Fortinet Documentation: Memory conserve mode and thresholds(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)(Fortinet GURU).
NEW QUESTION # 25
Refer to the exhibit,which shows the output of a diagnose command
What two conclusions can you draw from the output shown in the exhibit? (Choose two.)
- A. Traffic in the original direction (coming from the IP address 10.171.121.38) will be routed to the next-hop IP address 10.0.1.10.
- B. Traffic in the original direction (coming from the IP address 10.171.121.38) will be routed to the next-hop IP address 10.200.1.1.
- C. This is a pinhole session created to allow traffic for a protocol that requires additional sessions to operate through FortiGate.
- D. This is an expected session created by the IPS engine.
Answer: A,C
Explanation:
* Session Creation:The output shows an expected session, likely due to a pinhole, which is a dynamically created rule to allow specific traffic through the firewall.
* Routing Decision:
* The original direction of traffic comes from the IP address 10.171.121.38.
* The next-hop IP address for this traffic is 10.0.1.10 as indicated by the routing decision in the output.
* Pinhole Session:Pinhole sessions are typically created for protocols that require additional sessions (e.g., FTP, SIP) to function properly. This ensures the necessary traffic can pass through the firewall.
* Debugging Commands:Thediagnose sys session listcommand is used to list session information, which helps in understanding traffic flow and troubleshooting connectivity issues.
References:
* Fortinet Network Security Support Engineer Study Guide for FortiOS 7.2(ebin.pub).
* General IPsec VPN configuration from Fortinet documentation(Fortinet Docs).
NEW QUESTION # 26
Refer to the exhibit, which shows the omitted output of FortiOS kernel slabs.
Which statement is true?
- A. The total slab size of the ip6_session slab is 1300 kB and is associated with the kernel.
- B. The total slab size of the ip_session slab is 3600 kB and is associated with the user space.
- C. The total slab size of the tcp_sessior. slab Is 7500 kB and is associated with the kernel.
- D. The total slab size of the sctp_session slab is 0 kB and is associated with the user space
Answer: A
Explanation:
* Kernel Slabs Overview:
* The slab allocator in the Linux kernel is used for efficient memory management. It groups objects of the same type into caches, which are divided into slabs.
* Each slab contains multiple objects and helps to minimize fragmentation and enhance memory allocation efficiency.
* Interpreting the Exhibit:
* The exhibit shows output related to various kernel slab caches.
* The line forip6_sessionindicates that there are 1300 kB allocated for this slab, which means the total memory size allocated for IPv6 session objects in the kernel is 1300 kB.
References:
* Fortinet Community: Explanation of kernel slab allocation and usage(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)(Hammertux).
* Linux Kernel Documentation: Slab Allocator details(Hammertux).
NEW QUESTION # 27
What is the diagnosetest applicationipsmonitor 5 command used for?
- A. To enable IPS bypass mode
- B. To disable the IPS engine
- C. To restart all IPS engines and monitors
- D. To provide information regarding IPS sessions
Answer: C
Explanation:
The commanddiagnose test application ipsmonitor 5is used to restart all IPS (Intrusion Prevention System) engines and monitors on the FortiGate device. This command is part of the diagnostic tools available for troubleshooting and maintaining the IPS functionality on the FortiGate.
* Running this command forces the IPS system to reset and reinitialize, which can be useful in situations where the IPS functionality appears to be malfunctioning or not responding correctly.
* This action helps in clearing any issues that might have arisen due to internal errors or misconfigurations, ensuring that the IPS engines operate correctly after the restart.
NEW QUESTION # 28
Refer to the exhibit, which shows a session table entry.
Which statement about FortiGate behavior relating to this session is true?
- A. FortiGate forwarded this session without any inspection.
- B. FortiGate is performing a security profile inspection using the CPU.
- C. FortiGate redirected the client to the captive portal to authenticate, so that a correct policy match could be made.
- D. FortiGate applied only IPS inspection to this session.
Answer: B
Explanation:
The session table entry provided shows detailed information about a specific network session passing through the FortiGate device. From the session details, we can see that the session has various attributes such as state, protocol, policy, and inspection details.
* The session state (proto_state=11) indicates that the session is being actively processed and inspected.
* Thenpd_state=00000000suggests that the session is being handled by the CPU rather than offloaded to a Network Processor (NP).
* The session is marked for security profile inspection, evident from the detailed byte/packet counts and other session parameters.
From these indicators, it's clear that FortiGate is using its CPU to perform security profile inspection on this session rather than simply forwarding the traffic without inspection or relying solely on IPS inspection.
References
* Fortinet Documentation on Session Table
* Fortinet Community Discussion on Session Table
NEW QUESTION # 29
Exhibit.
Refer to the exhibit, which shows the output of getrouterinfo bgp neighbors100.64.2.254.
What can you conclude from the output?
- A. The BGP state of the two BGP participants is OpenConfirm.
- B. The local router is adverting the 10.20.30.40/24 network to its BGP neighbor.
- C. The BGP neighbor is advertising the 10.20.30.40/24 network to the local router.
- D. The router ID of the neighbor is 100.64.2.254.
Answer: B
Explanation:
* BGP Advertisement:The output from the commandget router info bgp neighbors 100.64.2.254 advertised-routesshows the routes that the local router is advertising to its BGP neighbor.
* Output Analysis:
* TheNetworkcolumn lists the networks being advertised.
* TheNext Hopcolumn indicates the next-hop IP address for these routes.
* The line*> 10.20.30.40/24 100.64.2.1indicates that the 10.20.30.40/24 network is being advertised with a next-hop of 100.64.2.1.
* Local Router's Role:Since the output lists the advertised routes, it means that the local router (with router ID 172.16.1.254) is advertising the 10.20.30.40/24 network to its neighbor 100.64.2.254.
This confirms that the local router is indeed advertising the specified network to its BGP neighbor.
References:
* Fortinet Documentation: Understanding BGP Route Advertisements(Fortinet Document Library)(Fortinet Docs).
NEW QUESTION # 30
Which statement is correct regarding LDAP authentication using the regular bind type?
- A. The regular bind type cannot be used if users are authenticated using sAMAccountName.
- B. The regular bind typerequires a FortiGate super_adminaccount.
- C. The regular bind type goes through four steps to successfully authenticate a user.
- D. The regular bind type is the easiest bind type to configure on FortiOS.
Answer: C
Explanation:
* LDAP Authentication Process:
* The regular bind type for LDAP authentication involves multiple steps to verify user credentials.
* Step 1: The client sends a bind request with the username to the LDAP server.
* Step 2: The LDAP server responds to the bind request.
* Step 3: The client sends a bind request with the password.
* Step 4: The LDAP server responds, confirming or denying the authentication.
* Explanation of answer:
* The regular bind type follows these four steps to authenticate a user, making it a comprehensive method but not necessarily the easiest to configure.
* The statement regarding sAMAccountName and super_admin account requirements are not accurate in the context of regular bind type LDAP authentication on FortiOS.
References
* Fortinet Network Security 7.2 Support Engineer Documentation
* FortiOS LDAP Authentication Configuration Guides
NEW QUESTION # 31
Exhibit.
Refer to the exhibit, which contains partial output from an IKE real-time debug.
The administrator does not have access to the remote gateway.
Based on the debug output, which configuration change can the administrator make to the local gateway to resolve the phase 1 negotiation error?
- A. In the phase 1 proposal configuration, add AES256-SHA256 to the list of encryption algorithms.
- B. In the phase 1 network configuration, set the IKE version to 2.
- C. In the phase 1 proposal configuration, add AESCBC-SHA2 to the list of encryption algorithms.
- D. In the phase 1 proposal configuration, add AES128-SHA128 to the list of encryption algorithms.
Answer: A
Explanation:
* Analyzing Debug Output:
* The debug output shows multiple proposals with encryption algorithms likeAES CBCand hashing algorithms likeSHA256.
* The negotiation failure (no SA proposal chosen) suggests that there is a mismatch in the encryption or hashing algorithms between the local and remote gateways.
* Configuration Change:
* To resolve the phase 1 negotiation error, the local gateway needs to include a compatible proposal.
* AddingAES256-SHA256to the phase 1 proposal configuration ensures that both gateways have a matching set of encryption and hashing algorithms.
References:
* Fortinet Documentation: Configuring IPsec Tunnels(Fortinet Docs)(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!).
* Fortinet Community: Troubleshooting IKE Negotiation Failures(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!).
NEW QUESTION # 32
Exhibit.
Refer to the exhibit, which shows partial outputs from two routing debug commands.
Why is the port 2 default route not in the second command output?
- A. The port1 default route has a lower distance than the default route using port2-
- B. The port1 default route has a higher priority value than the default route using port2.
- C. The port1default route has a lower priority value than the default route using port2.
- D. The port2 interlace is disabled in the FortiGate configuration.
Answer: A
Explanation:
* Routing Table Analysis:
* The first command output (get router info routing-table database) shows two default routes:
* One viaport1with a distance of10.
* One viaport2with a distance of20.
* The second command output (get router info routing-table all) only shows the route viaport1.
* Administrative Distance:
* The administrative distance (AD) is a measure used by routers to select the best path when there are multiple routes to the same destination. The lower the distance, the more preferred the route.
* In this scenario, the route viaport1has a lower distance (10) compared to the route viaport2(20), making it the preferred route.
* Route Selection:
* Since the route viaport1has a lower distance, it is the only one installed in the active routing table, which is why it appears in the second command output, and theport2route does not.
References:
* Fortinet Community: Routing behavior depending on distance and priority(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!).
* Fortinet GURU: Route priority and administrative distance explanations(Fortinet GURU).
NEW QUESTION # 33
Which of the following regarding protocol states is true?
- A. proto state=01 indicates one-way ICMP traffic.
- B. proto_state=10 indicates an established TCP session.
- C. proto_state=00 indicates that UDP traffic flows in both directions.
- D. proto_state-01 indicates an established TCP session.
Answer: B
Explanation:
* Understanding protocol states:
* proto_state=00: Indicates no traffic or a closed session.
* proto_state=01: Typically indicates one-way ICMP traffic or a partially established TCP session.
* proto_state=10: Indicates an established TCP session, where the session has completed the three-way handshake and both sides can send and receive data.
* proto_state=11: Often indicates a fully established and active bidirectional session.
* Explanation of correct answer:
* proto_state=10is the correct indication for an established TCP session as it signifies that the session is fully established and active.
References
* Fortinet Network Security 7.2 Support Engineer Documentation
* Fortinet Firewall Protocol State Documentation
NEW QUESTION # 34
Refer to the exhibit, which shows the output of diagnose syssessionstat. Which statement about the output shown in the exhibit is correct?
- A. There are 166 TCP sessions waiting to complete the three-way handshake.
- B. There are two sessions that have not been removed in case of any out-of-order packets that arrive.
- C. AII the sessions in the session table are TCP sessions.
- D. 162 sessions have been deleted because of memory page exhaustion.
Answer: A
Explanation:
* Session Table Overview:
* The session table in FortiOS tracks all active and pending sessions. It includes details like the type of session (TCP, UDP, etc.), status, and statistics.
* Interpreting the Exhibit:
* The exhibit from thediagnose sys session statcommand shows detailed session statistics.
* The specific value indicating "166 TCP sessions waiting to complete the three-way handshake" reflects the number of sessions that have initiatedbut not yet completed the TCP three-way handshake process (SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK).
References:
* Fortinet Documentation: Understanding and troubleshooting session tables(Hammertux).
* Fortinet Community: Explanation of session states and statistics(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)(Hammertux).
NEW QUESTION # 35
Which three common FortiGate-to-collector-agent connectivity issues can you identifyusing the FSSO real-time debug?(Choose three.)
- A. Log is full on the collector agent.
- B. Inability to reach IP address of the collector agent.
- C. Incompatible collector agent software version.
- D. Refused connection. Potential mismatch of TCP port.
- E. Mismatched pre-shared password.
Answer: B,D,E
Explanation:
* Refused Connection:A refused connection typically indicates a mismatch in the TCP port configuration between the FortiGate and the collector agent. Ensuring both are configured to use the same TCP port is crucial for proper connectivity.
* Mismatched Pre-Shared Password:If the pre-shared password configured on the FortiGate does not match the one set on the collector agent, authentication will fail, leading to connectivity issues.
* Inability to Reach IP Address:This can occur due to network issues such as incorrect routing, firewall rules blocking traffic, or the collector agent being down. Verifying network connectivity and the status of the collector agent is necessary to resolve this issue.
References:
* Fortinet Community: Troubleshooting FSSO Connectivity Issues(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!).
NEW QUESTION # 36
Which exchange lakes care of DoS protection in IKEv2?
- A. IKE_Auth
- B. IKE_Req_INIT
- C. IKE_SA_INIT
- D. Create_CHILD_SA
Answer: C
Explanation:
* IKE_SA_INIT Exchange:
* The IKE_SA_INIT exchange is the first step in the IKEv2 negotiation process. It is responsible for setting up the initial security association (SA) and performing Diffie-Hellman key exchange.
* During this exchange, the responder may employ various measures to protect against Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, such as rate limiting and the use of puzzles to increase the computational cost for an attacker.
* DoS Protection Mechanisms:
* One key method involves limiting the number of half-open SAs from any single IP address or subnet.
* The IKE_SA_INIT exchange can also incorporate the use of stateless cookies, which help to verify the initiator's legitimacy without requiring extensive resource allocation by the responder until the initiator is verified.
References:
* RFC 5996: Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2 (IKEv2)(RFC Editor).
* RFC 8019: Protecting Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2 (IKEv2) Implementations from Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks(IETF Datatracker).
NEW QUESTION # 37
Which two statements about application-layer test commands ate true? (Choose two.)
- A. Some of them display only output, after you run the diagnose debug console enable command.
- B. Some of them display real-time application debugs.
- C. Some of them display statistics and configuration information about a feature or process.
- D. Some of them can be used to restart an application.
Answer: B,C
Explanation:
* Statistics and Configuration Information:
* Application-layer test commands can display detailed statistics and configuration information about specific features or processes. For example, commands likediagnose vpn ipsec tunnel list provide detailed statistics about VPN tunnels.
* Real-time Debugs:
* These commands also facilitate real-time debugging of applications and processes. For instance, usingdiagnose debug applicationfollowed by the specific application, such asfssod, provides real-time debug information which is crucial for troubleshooting.
References:
* Fortinet Community: Useful FSSO Commands and Troubleshooting(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!).
* Fortinet Documentation: Application-layer Test Commands(Fortinet GURU).
NEW QUESTION # 38
There are four exchanges during IKEv2 negotiation.
Which sequence is correct?
- A. IKE_SAJNIT, IKE_Auth, Create_CHILD_SA and Informational
- B. INIT_Re, INIT_Auth,ID_Child and SET_Nonce
- C. lnit_Req, Wait_lnit_Req,ID_Auth_Req and Create_CHILD_SA
- D. IKE_Proposal,ID_Auth, PiggyBack_CHILD and Informational
Answer: A
Explanation:
* IKE_SA_INIT:
* This is the first exchange in IKEv2. It establishes a secure, authenticated channel between peers and negotiates cryptographic algorithms and keys.
* IKE_Auth:
* The second exchange authenticates the IKE SA (Security Association) using the previously negotiated keys and algorithms. This exchange also establishes the first IPsec SA.
* Create_CHILD_SA:
* This exchange creates additional IPsec SAs after the initial authentication. It can also be used to rekey existing IPsec SAs to maintain security.
* Informational:
* This is a generic exchange used for various purposes such as error notification, deletion of SAs, and other control messages.
References:
* Fortinet Community: IKEv2 packet exchanges and troubleshooting
* Fortinet Documentation: IPsec VPN Concepts
NEW QUESTION # 39 
Refer to the exhibit, which shows the modified output of the routing kernel.
Which statement is true?
- A. The egress interface associated with static route 8.8.8.8/32 is administratively up.
- B. The default static route through 10.200.1.254 is not in the forwarding information base.
- C. The default static route through port2 is in the forwarding information base.
- D. The BGP route to 10.0.4.0/24 is not in the forwarding information base.
Answer: C
Explanation:
The routing table shown in the exhibit lists all the routes known to the FortiGate device. It includes routes learned through different protocols such as BGP, OSPF, and static routes.
* The entryS * 0.0.0.0/0 [20/0] via 10.200.2.254, port2, [5/0]indicates that there is a static route to the default gateway (0.0.0.0/0) throughport2with a gateway IP of10.200.2.254.
* The asterisk*next to the route signifies that this route is selected and currently active in the forwarding information base (FIB). This means the FortiGate uses this route to forward packets destined for addresses not otherwise specified in the routing table.
References
* Fortinet Documentation on Routing Table
* Fortinet Community Discussion on Routing
NEW QUESTION # 40
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